&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:
Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:red;mso-ansi-language:
FR;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-MA;mso-no-proof:yes&quot;&gt;Transformations
spontan&eacute;es dans les piles et production d&rsquo;&eacute;nergie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:54.0pt;mso-add-space:
auto;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;color:red&quot;&gt;I-&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:red&quot;&gt;Transferts spontan&eacute; des
&eacute;lectrons dans une pile&amp;nbsp;:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;color:#00B050&quot;&gt;1-&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#00B050&quot;&gt;1) La
pile Daniell&amp;nbsp;:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:32.2pt;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;&gt;a-&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#0070C0&quot;&gt;Fonctionnement de la
pile Daniell :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;



&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:32.2pt;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;&gt;b-&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#0070C0&quot;&gt;R&eacute;action aux
&eacute;lectrodes:&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:32.2pt;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;&gt;c-&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#0070C0&quot;&gt;R&ocirc;le du pont
salin&amp;nbsp;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:32.2pt;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;&gt;d-&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#0070C0&quot;&gt;Repr&eacute;sentation
conventionnelle de la pile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:32.2pt;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:
Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:red;mso-ansi-language:
FR;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-MA;mso-no-proof:yes&quot;&gt;II) D&eacute;termination
exp&eacute;rimentale de la polarit&eacute; d&rsquo;une pile&amp;nbsp;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:32.2pt;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:
Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:#00B050;
mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-MA;
mso-no-proof:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;D&eacute;termination de la polarit&eacute; d&rsquo;une pile&amp;nbsp;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:54.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;color:red&quot;&gt;I-&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:red&quot;&gt;Etude quantitative de la
pile&amp;nbsp;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:54.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:#00B050;mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-MA;mso-no-proof:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Quantit&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;lectricit&eacute; maximale
d&eacute;bit&eacute;e par une pile&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:32.2pt;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:#00B050;mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-MA;mso-no-proof:yes&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:
Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:#00B050;
mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-MA;
mso-no-proof:yes&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:
Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:red;mso-ansi-language:
FR;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-MA;mso-no-proof:yes&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:32.2pt;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#0070C0&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;